Authors Tom Moerenhout, Nikos Vezanis, and Chris Westling analyze the political economy of energy pricing reforms in the Middle East and North Africa since the Arab Spring. This report investigates the conditions under which the governments of Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Iran--each with very different political economies--were able to implement price increases. The report explains for each country why reform was necessary, how political coalitions affected reform planning and implementation, and how social contract dynamics affected the reforms.