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Q&A | Can Nuclear Generation Help Reduce European Reliance on Russian Gas?
Q&A by Anne-Sophie Corbeau • March 15, 2022
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Q&A | Can Nuclear Generation Help Reduce European Reliance on Russian Gas?
Q&A by Anne-Sophie Corbeau • March 15, 2022
Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the International Energy Agency[1] (IEA) and the European Commission[2] (EC) have come up with plans to rapidly reduce the EU’s imports of Russian natural gas. While the IEA anticipates that EU nuclear generation could increase by 20 terawatt hours (TWh) (or 2.7 percent) in 2022, the EC only mentions nuclear as a potential source of hydrogen.
In this piece, Anne-Sophie Corbeau, a global research scholar with the Center on Global Energy Policy, answers questions about how nuclear power can help reduce the EU’s gas demand.
Can nuclear generation help reduce gas demand in Europe in the near term?
Nuclear represents about 25 percent of the EU’s electricity generation.[3] In 2020, nuclear generation amounted to 688 TWh and is estimated to have recovered to around 735 TWh in 2021.[4] However, nuclear generation is expected to drop by an estimated 90 TWh in 2022 and by another 20 TWh in 2023. Lower supplies of electricity from nuclear generation are generally made up for with higher consumption of natural gas.
Falling nuclear production in Europe can be attributed to two factors. The first is that French electric utility EDF expects French nuclear generation to range between 295 and 315 TWh in 2022, and between 300 and 330 TWh in 2023, down from 360 TWh in 2021.[5],[6] Taking the average of these assessments, this will reduce French generation by about 60 TWh in 2022 and 50 TWh in 2023 against 2021 levels. The lower generation forecasts take into account that a number of French nuclear reactors will be closed for their 10-year inspection or for controls due to suspicions of corrosion.
The second reason is the retirement of around 4 GW of nuclear capacity in Germany in the wake of a decision made after the Fukushima Daiichi accident of 2011. These plants generated about 30 TWh in 2020. Another 6 GW is due to be decommissioned by early 2023. The effects will be mostly felt from 2023 onward. The start of nuclear power plants in Finland, France, and Slovakia over 2022–23 will only partly counterbalance this decline.
It is uncertain that more nuclear generation can come from other operating plants. Most plants outside of France (around 39 GW) operate at high rates (>90 percent), including 25 GW operating at above 96 percent. In contrast, the load factors in France have been low (about 70 percent).
Table 1 Recent and planned nuclear power plant closures in the EU
|
Country |
Plant |
Capacity (MW) |
Date of shutdown |
|
Already shut down |
|||
|
Germany |
Brokdorf |
1,410 |
December 2021 |
|
Germany |
Grohnde |
1,360 |
December 2021 |
|
Germany |
Gundremmingen C |
1,288 |
December 2021 |
|
To be decommissioned |
|||
|
Belgium |
Doel 3 |
1,006 |
October 2022 |
|
Belgium |
Tihange 2 |
1,008 |
February 2023 |
|
Germany |
Isar 2 |
1,410 |
December 2022 |
|
Germany |
Emsland |
1,335 |
December 2022 |
|
Germany |
Neckarwestheim 2 |
1,310 |
December 2022 |
Source: World nuclear association.
Are there actions that policy makers could take to increase nuclear power and reduce Europe’s dependence on gas?
There are two actions that policy makers could take for nuclear to help reduce gas consumption:
- Postpone the decommissioning of the 6 GW of nuclear capacity in Germany and Belgium due to be retired by early 2023. This may be challenging, as these plants will need fuel and a qualified workforce to operate the plants, but given that they are still operating, it could be possible to reverse the process if the decision is made soon enough. This action would not significantly change the situation in 2022 but will have an impact on next winter and add close to 50 TWh in 2023, mostly from Germany and Belgium.
- Restart the 4 GW recently decommissioned in Germany. This can be technically challenging and costly, and could face local opposition. To the extent regulatory and political barriers are removed, action needs to be taken quickly. As time passes, it becomes harder to restart plants, as they will need a workforce and fuel, which has to be ordered well in advance specifically for each reactor. However, such a process could add another 30 TWh by 2023. How much can be added in 2022 depends on the speed of the process.
French nuclear generation could prove the most important factor for adding to EU nuclear power in the near and long term. If EDF were able to increase its power generation back to 2021 levels quickly, that could add 10 TWh in 2022 (the upper range of EDF’s forecasts) and 50 TWh in 2023. Given that France has typically low load factors, there is an upside to going back to above 400 TWh—the levels reached over the mid-2010s—but this may be limited by the number of 10-year inspections happening over the coming years.[7]
If these three options are achieved, Europe’s nuclear generation would reach almost 660 TWh in 2022 and 760 TWh in 2023, compared to 735 TWh in 2021. Looking at 2030, an additional 14 GW out of the 100 GW operating in 2021 are expected to be retired. A reassessment of nuclear power plants could be done to determine which plants could safely be operated longer. Additionally, European countries willing to build nuclear capacity could accelerate their plans, as these plants typically take a decade to build.[8] If approved by the European Council and the Parliament, the new EU taxonomy, which includes nuclear as a sustainable energy activity, could help to support financing.[9]
Notes
[1] International Energy Agency, A 10-Point Plan to Reduce the European Union’s Reliance on Russian Natural Gas, March 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/a-10-point-plan-to-reduce-the-european-unions-reliance-on-russian-natural-gas.
[2] European Commission, “REPowerEU: Joint European action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy,” March 8, 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_1511.
[3] bp, Statistical Review of World Energy, July 2021, https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html.
[4] Author’s calculations based on the IEA’s Monthly Electricity Survey and EDF’s annual generation in France in 2021.
[5] EDF’s numbers are net generation, while bp’s are gross. Gross nuclear generation is the net generation multiplied by 1.05.
[6] EDF, «EDF ajuste son estimation de production nucléaire en France pour 2023,» February 11, 2022, https://www.edf.fr/groupe-edf/espaces-dedies/journalistes/tous-les-communiques-de-presse/edf-ajuste-son-estimation-de-production-nucleaire-en-france-pour-2023.
[7] Many French nuclear power plants are reaching 40 years old, a date at which they need to undergo a thorough inspection. See, Autorité Sûreté Nucléaire, “Réexamens périodiques pour les centrales nucléaires,” https://www.asn.fr/l-asn-controle/reexamens-periodiques/reexamens-periodiques-pour-les-centrales-nucleaires.
[8] The plants in France and Finland are taking considerably longer, but they were first-of-a-kind models.
[9] European Commission, “Questions and Answers on the EU Taxonomy Complementary Climate Delegated Act covering certain nuclear and gas activities,” February 2, 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_22_712.
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