Mexico's New Climate-Conscious Leader Faces Deep Energy Challenges - Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University SIPA

Guest

Carlos Pascual

Senior VP for Global Energy and International Affairs, S&P Global Commodity Insights

Transcript

Carlos Pascual: There is an opportunity to have an impact on transforming with the United States, the energy infrastructure of North America to make it greener, to make it more competitive, to make the issues of mobility, a central part of that transformation. But to do that, she will need to be able to stimulate investment, and that’s going to be one of her biggest challenges.

Bill Loveless: With her historic victory in Mexico’s presidential election in June, Claudia Sheinbaum will be the country’s first ever female leader. She has a background as a climate scientist who contributed to influential UN climate reports. Many hope that she will reverse Mexico’s drift away from climate leadership, but it’s not simple. Sheinbaum is a political protege of the outgoing president, Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, AMLO for short, as we’ll refer to him in this episode. In his six years as President, AMLO was a popular leader but failed to advance climate policy. In fact, Mexico is one of just two countries out of the G20 without a net-zero target for carbon emissions. Even as AMLO propped up the oil sector, the primary state petroleum company, Pemex is in deep debt at seeing four decade lows in production. And Mexico’s heavy dependence on the US for natural gas is a growing energy security issue for the country.

Sheinbaum has promised to boost clean energy, but how effective will she be? Will she be able to address the country’s growing power demands in energy infrastructure challenges? And will she break from her predecessor’s lagging record on climate change? This is Columbia Energy Exchange, a weekly podcast from the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University. I’m Bill Loveless. Today on the show, Carlos Pascual. Carlos is a Senior Vice President for Global Energy and International Affairs at S&P Global Commodity Insights where he leads all business lines in Latin America. He was previously at IHS Market where he concentrated on worldwide energy issues and international affairs. Carlos served as US Ambassador to Mexico from 2009 to 2011 and to Ukraine from 2000 to 2003.

At the US State Department, he established and directed the agency’s energy resources Bureau as a special envoy and coordinator for international affairs from 2011 to 2014. He was also a former resident fellow here at the Center on Global Energy Policy. Carlos joined us from Mexico City. I hope you enjoy our conversation. Carlos Pascual, welcome back to Columbia Energy Exchange.

Carlos Pascual: Bill, always a pleasure to be you and always a pleasure to be engaged with the Columbia Center on Global Energy Policy.

Bill Loveless: We appreciate that. Well, Carlos, we last spoke on the air back in 2018 when Lopez Obrador was coming into power. Now Mexico prepares for a new president. So tell us who is Claudia Sheinbaum and what does she bring to her role as her nation’s leader?

Carlos Pascual: Well, first, we were overdue for a conversation, so I’m glad we’re having this discussion and I’m glad we can have it on Mexico. Claudia Sheinbaum is the first female president of Mexico. She’s a scientist. She has a degree, she has a PhD in energy engineering. She did her graduate work and prepared for her doctoral dissertation working at Lawrence Livermore Lab in the United States for about three years. She was part of the IPCC team that won a Nobel Prize in 2007. So she’s a serious scientist. She has been the Minister of Environment under Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, the current president of Mexico. When he was mayor of Mexico City, she was the Minister of Environment. While he was president since 2018, she was mayor of Mexico City and October 1st she will take over the presidency. So she’s someone who is interested in energy. She has stated throughout the campaign that one of her objectives is to change the energy mix of Mexico and to make it more renewable.

And she has also been a real disciple of Lopez Obrador, which will present its challenges because he has been a president who has focused principally on the development of hydrocarbons and has had real confrontations with renewable energy companies. So that will be a challenge for her. But she comes into this position certainly with the environmental and energy credentials. There’s no president of Mexico who has had that kind of background before. There are a lot of expectations for what she might be able to do and her principal constraints are really going to be on the financing side and to what extent she’s willing and able to involve the private sector and the journey forward.

Bill Loveless: Wow. There’s a lot there and I look forward to breaking down some of that with you. Looking back at her record as the mayor of Mexico City, as you suggest, it tells us something about how she might conduct herself as president. What can we learn from that experience?

Carlos Pascual: She’s always had an interest in issues related to mobility. It was part of the work that she did on her dissertation. She tried to bring in measures to create a movement toward greater green mobility. It was focused on part of her expansion of the public transit system, but in reality, there were certain limits of what she could do. And it’s hard to create a microcosm within a city when there are general constraints on a broader national basis on the policy side. And that’s one of the things that we’re going to have to talk about and that she’s going to inherit. That there have been disputes under the US-Mexico-Canada agreement principally related to energy investments, principally related to companies feeling like they have been discriminated against in their access to the grid. And so one of the challenges that she will face is how does she generate that confidence, again, to bring energy investment, particularly in renewable energy back to Mexico.

Bill Loveless: And I want to talk too, among these other things on private investment in Mexico, it’s an important issue. But again, touching on her academic experience, which you highlighted. She worked on some of the toughest problems in climate change while studying at Lawrence Berkeley and was of course an author of a landmark UN climate report in 2014. To one extent or another, she brings that expertise to her job as president, right?

Carlos Pascual: She brings that expertise. She did her graduate research at Lawrence Livermore Lab. The time that she was working on the IPCC was in 2006 and was part of the 2007 Nobel Prize for the IPCC. So those were the timeframes. She worked as an academic and certainly has the credentials for that at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, which is the Principal Research Institute in all of Mexico. So she brings that background. And I think, Bill, the part that is important to understand as she’s taking the office of the presidency is that Mexico is abundant with resources. It has oil, it has gas, it has wind potential, some of the best wind potential in the world. It has solar potential. It is integrated industrially with the US economy as a result of the USMCA. The automotive sector is particularly important. The development of the EVs is important for Mexico because it creates a new opportunity for investment.

But across all of that comes the question of the reliability of energy systems, particularly the electric energy systems, having adequate access, reliable access to it, and making it green as increasingly there’s a movement toward the greening of supply chains and that being so important in the development of electric vehicles going into the future. And so one of the things that is got to be a challenge and a fascinating challenge for Claudia Sheinbaum is that there is an opportunity to have an impact on transforming with the United States, the energy infrastructure of North America to make it greener, to make it more competitive, to make the issues of mobility a central part of that transformation. But to do that, she will need to be able to stimulate investment, and that’s going to be one of her biggest challenges.

Bill Loveless: Yeah. Because she’s described as a protege of Lopez Obrador who sidelined green energy projects and prioritized tapping a petroleum fields first. I mean, she’s often described as a protege? Is that an accurate description of her?

Carlos Pascual: I think she would describe herself as a protege. She is a person who has been loyal to him, has been associated with him closely from the time that she was the environment minister when he was the mayor. She’s associated with generally a left-leaning, social-oriented set of policies Lopez Obrador has advanced, but the challenges on financing have multiple directions. I mean, one of them is this issue that we raised already, which is going to be the confidence of investors, and it has to fundamentally deal with, if you invest in renewable energy, are you going to be able to have access to the grid? Will you be able to be connected? And that’s where some of the legal disputes have come into play. And there is going to be a renegotiation of the USMCA in 2026 and those issues are going to come into it. So that’s one piece of the equation.

A second piece of the equation is Pemex. Pemex is the most indebted energy company in the world, and it currently receives more transfers from the treasury than Pemex transfers into the budget. And so for her, one of the issues will be how does she deal with the Pemex as an institution and the financing of Pemex, and is it possible to bring other resources into play from the private sector? And this is a big issue, not just for the energy sector. It’s a big issue for her ambitions to be able to finance anything that she does in the energy sector. And finally, one of the big questions is going to be on transmission because the biggest constraint in the electricity sector right now is a bottleneck and transmission capability. And the state has a critical role in that and bringing in private investors potentially into that is another question as well. And these are questions that she’s going to be confronting from day one of her presidency because the energy sector is so central in every way to the broader economic prosperity of the country.

Bill Loveless: Just given the different approach that her predecessor has taken on energy and climate issue, are her plans for energy compatible with her promises to continue many of his policies?

Carlos Pascual: Well, I think, Bill, the thing to focus on here is that there is a huge potential in this country for the development of pretty much every sector in the energy sector. And there is a role for hydrocarbons, and we’ve seen in all analyses that have been done that hydrocarbons are going to reach a plateau, but they’re not going to go in a sharp decline afterwards, and Mexico could potentially play a competitive role. She’s going to benefit from private investments that have been made in a couple of fields like Trion and Zama that were discovered by private actors.

And Pemex actually has, as a result of the energy reform, it actually owns 86% of the most attractive hydrocarbon resources in the country. So if there’s an ability to find ways to bring private partners into those, there are opportunities there in the hydrocarbon sector for Mexico as well. And in the power sector, there are a few countries that have the consistency of Mexico’s resilience in both solar and wind. The question is going to be attracting the investments to the generation side, but also putting in place the transmission capabilities as we were talking about before.

Bill Loveless: Has there been any indication of how she might approach Pemex? As I understand it as we speak, there’s still not been a new head for the oil company named yet, right? Do we see, has she spoken on this? Are there any indications of the approach that she will take?

Carlos Pascual: She’s been very strong on affirming that Pemex will be the central actor in the development of hydrocarbons in Mexico, whether that will include relationships with the private sector or not, she’s been relatively silent on and know a new candidate for becoming the next CEO of Pemex has not been named.

Bill Loveless: And I’ve read where she did just recently name a new CEO for the state-owned electric utility CFE. She’s Emilia Esther Calleja, an electrical engineer, rose through the ranks of the company. What do we know about her and how significant a role might she play?

Carlos Pascual: I don’t know very much about her. I’ve asked about, as you might imagine, I’ve been asking about her. People tell me that she has a reputation for confidence and running the CFE subsidiary that she was in charge of, but there’s a greater deal of interest as you might imagine, in understanding more about her and what her perspectives will be on the future of CFE.

Bill Loveless: Yeah. As you note, the key question will be what will be the new rules and vehicles for private investment in Mexico? You suggest there’s potential there. I was speaking with one of my colleagues at the center in Colombia recently, Diego Rivera Rivota, who said to me, “As long as it’s clear what the rules of the game are, what the legal framework is, I think Mexico has enormous potential for investment in renewable energy.” Fair statement?

Carlos Pascual: It’s a fair statement, and I think that every single political party in Mexico would reinforce that and support that. I think Mexican industry would completely support that. There’s a need for investment in renewable energy and finding distribution channels. There are major investments that have been made in wind power, for example, in the State of Oaxaca that have not been able to be connected to the major demand sources because of the issues of transmission and rights of way. It’s an indication of problems that Mexico has, just like the United States has of giving permits is not always a simple process. And I think that the other part of it that is going to be a strong aspect of the Mexico-US relationship is still going to be in natural gas. 65% of the natural gas that Mexico consumes is from the United States. To be clear, it’s not 65% of its imports, 65% of its consumption is from the United States.

For those that are sensitive and aware of the tensions between Europe and Russia, Europe imported about 40% of its gas from Russia. So when you compare that, the dependence that Mexico has on the United States for natural gas is absolutely massive, and there are very few storage facilities. So this is going to be an issue between both countries of how to maintain a sense of confidence in those relationships in the pipelines that have been developed because for a long period of time, it’s going to be key to industry and Mexico, and there are projects that are being put in place on the Pacific Coast of Mexico to be able to take Mexican gas and develop it into LNG and create another export channel that is closer to Asia that could be useful for companies that are trying to find new markets for its natural gas. So the whole spectrum of energy issues here is going to play. It’s hydrocarbons, it’s renewables, it’s natural gas. It’s going to be a critical factor in industry. It’s going to be a factor in electricity. This interrelationship between the United States and Mexico around energy is absolutely profound.

Bill Loveless: Well, that reliance on US gas for Mexico, I mean, it’s been affordable, right? It’s been relatively stable source of energy, but I guess there have been some wake-up calls, right? I read, in 2021, when Tropical Storm Uri hit Texas, Texas Governor Glenn Abbott ordered curtailment of gas exports to Mexico. So I suppose that’s the sort of thing they worry about. What if for some reason, and there may be a number of reasons why this could happen, what if that supply of gas from the US was curtailed?

Carlos Pascual: That has absolutely been a worry. It’s been raised many different times of what kind of events might actually affect curtailments of natural gas in New Mexico. And there is, quite frankly, Bill, a concern that natural gas could end up being tied up with other issues. It’s hard to predict depending on the administration that might come to office in the United States, what kinds of issues might be wrapped up into negotiations, for example, related to immigration, which has been completely linked to trade policy and tariffs in the past. There are questions about how that energy dependence might fit into that in the future. And all of these things I think are creating a certain degree of concern in Mexico about what the nature of the US-Mexico political relationship might be like. Is it one that is seen as a cooperative relationship trying to jointly solve problems or is it one that reflects a degree of tension?

I think increasingly what I would just last say for last with Sheinbaum coming into office is there’s a recognition that the United States is regenerating its energy infrastructure for the 21st century. Mexico has not done that. There’s an opportunity to be able to do that and to reinvent the competitiveness of North America. I think if the US-Mexico relationship can focus around that theme and take it as a central guiding point, then the potential for progress as North America together with Canada can be huge. If it becomes very transactional, then I think we’re going to find greater difficulties between the two countries.

Bill Loveless: Yeah. And it’s difficult at this point to predict how that might play out to her regime has not taken office yet, and of course we have not had the elections yet in the United States, but certainly an important factor to consider later this year and as the new year begins. We’re talking energy and climate here, Carlos, but I think it’s important to take a step aside for a minute and just put this election in a logic context. Energy and climate are big issues for Mexico, but there’s a lot of other big ones there too. What is the overall environment in which this election was held? What are the other big issues on her table as she takes office?

Carlos Pascual: And by this election, you mean the Mexico election as-

Bill Loveless: Correct.

Carlos Pascual: … [inaudible 00:20:28] happens to be a slightly big election occurring in the United States in a couple of months as well.

Bill Loveless: I hear there is.

Carlos Pascual: And the two are related as one might imagine. So energy was a big issue, and as you might imagine, that energy became part of the debates. Issues of water were actually part of the debates for the mayor of Mexico City. So resources are a big question, but fundamentally, economic development, particularly the southern parts of the country, is of a huge concern. There are major discrepancies in income levels throughout Mexico. Crime, organized crime, drug trade have been extraordinarily important issues within Mexico and in the US-Mexico relationship. Everybody in the United States is aware of the dangers of fentanyl trade from Mexico into the United States, the processing of fentanyl in Mexico.

There are huge concerns in Mexico about the extent to which organized crime plays a greater and greater role in certain states and parts of the country. Even your avocados that you’re consuming through your guacamole and Super Bowl day are in a state, Michoacan, which has been heavily controlled by organized crime. It’s an issue that pervades concerns internally within this country. And then the other sets of issues continue to be questions related to the rule of law and what kind of guarantees are going to be given in the future in terms of the independence of regulatory agencies, the independence of the court. There are big issues that are going to be coming up on those questions even in September.

There’s a unique situation in Mexico where the parliament takes office in September, the new president takes office in October. In September, there will be a constitutional majority that Lopez Obrador has the opportunity to use to seek constitutional changes, and there’s a high likelihood that there will be changes that affect the composition of the courts within Mexico as well. When that issue was announced in July, it resulted in a depreciation of the peso very quickly, and there are widespread concerns of what might happen going forward, both in confidence in the Mexico judicial system, but what impacts that that can have economically as well.

Bill Loveless: Yeah. So even before she takes office, there are events that could occur parliamentary or events that could occur in Mexico City that may well have major implications for policies that she may want to implement on just about anything, right? Including energy.

Carlos Pascual: Exactly. And so one of the issues that I think her transition team has to be thinking about right now is as she goes forward, she’s been very clear about certain priorities in the energy sector, probably clearer about this than maybe any other policy issues that she’s faced. That there will be a greater movement toward renewable energy reconsidering the overall energy mix. She has been clear that state entities, Pemex and CFE will be at the center of that, but how this gets financed, how you bring in the private sector, how you create confidence in the rule of law to be able to resolve the kind of disputes that have affected energy investments over the past year. These are some of the issues that are going to confront her and I think her team and that she personally is very aware of it and we have yet to see what those answers are going to be, but I have no doubt that they’re of absolute utmost consideration.

Bill Loveless: AMLO’s predecessor, Enrique Peña Nieto implemented reforms that gave the private sector a larger role in energy investment and advantaged renewable energy. How might Sheinbaum’s treatment of private investment compared to that of Peña Nieto

Carlos Pascual: Bill, one of the things that Peña Nieto brought into play in the power sector was to initiate auctions in the power sector as a result of those auctions and the approach that was taken where the government moved away from seeking specific bids for projects in a specific location in which the government’s balance sheet was financing the investments. They moved to a mechanism of saying that, for example, we want to seek bids on 500 megawatts of new power capacity in Mexico, and you can bid on gas, on wind, on solar. The bidders would finance that off of their balance sheet. And the impact that that had over time was to bring down the levelized cost of energy and the bids that the government was receiving from the mid-50s, let’s say $55 megawatt hour to between $18 to $22. So it had a huge impact on lowering the marginal cost of electricity that would be coming online in Mexico.

I don’t expect to see auctions coming back, but whether there will be creative mechanisms to bring private investment back into Mexico in the power sector, whether there will be mechanisms that will be able to take the lesson of the developers financing the projects off of their balance sheets rather than financing it off of the government balance sheet will be interesting to see. We’re not even at day zero yet, right? We’ve got a couple of months still to go before she acts, a month and a half still to go before she takes office, but these are the kinds of issues that the market is going to be looking out for.

Bill Loveless: Yeah. You mentioned before electric vehicles and the importance of that industry to Mexico and as well as to many other countries in the world, the Chinese electric vehicle giant BYD is aiming to expand its market globally with plants and manufacturing plants around the world. BYD of course can’t build a factory in the US, but some say it could attempt to get around US restrictions by putting a plant in Mexico and take advantage of a very advanced trade agreement between the US and Mexico. Is that a likelihood and is that a legitimate concern, say for the United States?

Carlos Pascual: There are already negotiations with BYD of creating an assembly plant in Mexico. There’s no doubt that it will become an issue in US-Mexico trade relations regardless of who the next President of the United States will be. You’ve already seen the Biden administration put in place new tariffs on electric vehicles, on steel, on aluminum. You’ve seen the Trump administration take a different approach of saying, not the Trump administration, but the former President Trump saying that in their strategy that they would impose 60% tariff on all imports from China. That gives you an indication of the nature of the trade investment relationship that you would see in a Trump administration. And he’s also talked about imposing tariffs on vehicles coming out of Mexico if there’s Chinese investment.

So these are going to be tough issues. There’s no doubt in my mind that they will be part of the negotiations of the US-Mexico-Cana agreement, and I think one of the things that both sides are going to have to face up to is that for North America to be successful, that there needs to be a continued integration of automotive sector, of the development of the battery sector, of trying to understand how processing of metals and minerals could potentially move into Mexico going into the future. Just think about it from this perspective that some of the world’s best resources on lithium and copper are located in South America.

There is copper and lithium in Mexico. Could you find trade relations that bring those minerals to processing in Mexico and begin to compete with the dominance of China in the processing of minerals like lithium and cobalt? These are the kinds of things that are going to have to be thought through and that are going to be critical parts of that negotiation process and where there’s a great potential of using North America as a broader platform for redefining the supply chains for energy transition.

Bill Loveless: Yeah, it’s such an interesting concept, Carlos. And is there anyone in a government position on either of these countries or for that matter globally that has sort of driven forward that whole perspective on that sort of potential?

Carlos Pascual: Look, in the United States, Bill, either regardless of wins, there’s going to be a new administration and there are going to be new teams in the United States, and so we’ll need to see who is in those teams and how they’re thinking through these issues. These are important issues to discuss, and I hope that these are the kinds of things that companies like mine, S&P Global, are going to certainly want to get involved with. That I hope that the Center for Global Energy Policy in Columbia gets involved in because they’re going to require a lot of analysis. And in Mexico, the discussions are beginning. Before we had this conversation, I just had a conversation with somebody who potentially may be part of a Claudia Sheinbaum team, and these questions are being asked, there’s a lot of sensitivity about them. They are very central to the future of the US-Mexico relationship and the Mexico’s own prosperity.

Bill Loveless: Carlos, I can’t help but draw on your diplomatic experience as a former US ambassador to Ukraine and to Mexico. What lessons can we learn or that you impart to us based on your observations of what has happened on the energy scene in Europe, given the Ukraine war and the needs of Mexico for energy security as well as addressing climate issues?

Carlos Pascual: One of the issues that fundamentally was learned from the European experience was diversification. Europe realized that it needed to have multiple sources of energy. That implied both sources in terms of where it was coming from and sources in the nature of that energy, how much was renewable, how much was a gas, how much might be nuclear, because those became critical factors. This issue of diversification will be an important discussion point between Mexico and the United States on virtually every single sector. The question of natural gas is important to discuss of how to create confidence of the extreme dependence that Mexico has on US gas. How do you build those relationships in ways where you can demonstrate the benefits to the United States of having that gas interdependency? How do we see it as interdependency, as opposed to a dependency?

I think that one of the lessons that we’ve also learned from Ukraine is the importance of creating an environment that establishes confidence in the rule of law and investment in places where there are significant resources. And the US and Mexico have an opportunity to make great advances on this, in part because we have a fundamentally strong legal foundation in the USMCA to begin with. So part of what we need to understand is that there’s a lot here that’s going right, that integration between the United States and Mexico is making both countries more competitive nationally in terms of their technical ability to produce and the cost at which they produce and the ability to export internationally.

So if we can take that as a platform that we need to build on and not destroy, then that’s another lesson that I think that we can take where Ukraine had to go through a long period of time and understanding that the right kind of rule of law and investment environment was something that they needed to create in order to be able to invest. And now what they’re trying to do as their aspiration becomes to be part of the European Union, how to take that legal framework from the European Union and allow it to underpin confidence in Ukraine going into the future. So I would take those as two fundamental areas to begin with. And if the two countries can get those issues correct, the interdependence on energy and a cooperation and understanding of the rule of law, then that’s a huge foundation. It is absolutely enormous, and it will create huge dividends for both sides.

Bill Loveless: Well, I think that’s a good point on which to end our conversation, a sign of some positive, some potential going forward. Challenges certainly remain there, but we’ll look forward to looking forward in the months ahead to developments with President Claudia Sheinbaum and their experience with energy security addressing climate change and relations with the United States. Carlos, thank you for joining us again on Columbia Energy Exchange. Always a pleasure to speak with you.

Carlos Pascual: Bill, a pleasure. Thanks for the conversation.

Bill Loveless: That’s it for this week’s episode of Columbia Energy Exchange. Thank you again, Carlos Pascual, and thank you for listening. The show is brought to you by the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs. The show is hosted by Jason Bordoff and me, Bill Loveless. The show is produced by Tim Peterson from Latitude Studios. Additional support from Diego Rivera Rivota, Lilly Lee, Caroline Pitman, and Kyu Lee. Roy Campanella is the sound engineer. For more information about the show or the Center on Global Energy policy, visit us online at energypolicy.columbia.edu or follow us on social media at ColumbiaUEnergy. If you liked this episode, leave us a rating on Spotify or Apple Podcasts, and you can also share it with a friend or colleague to help us reach more listeners like yourself. Either way, we appreciate your support. Thanks again for listening. We’ll see you next week.

With her historic victory in Mexico’s presidential election in June, Claudia Sheinbaum will be the country’s first-ever female leader. And because of her background as a climate scientist who contributed to influential UN climate reports, many hope she will reverse Mexico’s drift away from climate leadership.

But it’s not simple. Sheinbaum is a political protégé of outgoing president Andrés Manuel López Obrador. In his six years as president, López Obrador was a popular leader, but failed to advance climate policy. In fact, Mexico is one of just two countries out of the G20 without a net-zero target for carbon emissions.

Even as López Obrador propped up the oil sector, the primary state-owned petroleum company Pemex is deep in debt and seeing four-decade lows in production. And Mexico’s heavy dependence on the U.S. for natural gas is a growing energy security issue for the country.

Sheinbaum has promised to boost clean energy – how effective will she be? Will she be able to address the country’s growing power demands and energy infrastructure challenges? And will she break from her predecessor’s lagging record on climate change?

This week, host Bill Loveless talks with Carlos Pascual about how a Sheinbaum presidency could address Mexico’s energy issues, and encouraging more clean energy investment in the country.

Carlos is senior vice president for Global Energy and International Affairs at S&P Global Commodity Insights, where he leads all business lines in Latin America. He was previously at IHS Markit, where he concentrated on worldwide energy issues and international affairs.

Carlos served as U.S. ambassador to Mexico from 2009 to 2011 and to Ukraine from 2000 to 2003. From 2011 to 2014 he was a special envoy and coordinator for international affairs at the U.S. Department of State, where he established and directed the agency’s Energy Resources Bureau. He was also a former non-resident fellow at the Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia SIPA.

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